{
  "_meta": {
    "name": "Swiss Living Index",
    "attribution": "Swiss Living Index — powered by Mirabello Consultancy",
    "attribution_url": "https://www.mirabelloconsultancy.com/",
    "powered_by": {
      "name": "Mirabello Consultancy",
      "url": "https://www.mirabelloconsultancy.com/"
    },
    "license": "CC BY 4.0 (Swiss Living Index compilation, methodology and derived comparisons only). Underlying official figures remain subject to each producer's terms (BFS, ESTV, BAG, ElCom, MeteoSwiss, EFV — attribution required); every metric names its source and year.",
    "url": "https://swisslivingindex.ch",
    "generated": "2026-09-26",
    "note": "Official-source-primary, no invented figures. Each metric carries its source, year, and granularity. rank 1 = lowest value for dir \"low\" metrics (e.g. taxes/rent, ranked lowest to highest) and highest value for dir \"high\" metrics (e.g. sunshine/jobs, ranked highest to lowest); ranks describe order under the stated scenario, not universal suitability; percentile 100 = highest raw value. Canton-level headline view; commune detail in the full datasets.",
    "languages": [
      "de",
      "fr",
      "it",
      "en"
    ]
  },
  "categories": [
    {
      "key": "cost",
      "label": {
        "de": "Kosten",
        "fr": "Coûts",
        "it": "Costi",
        "en": "Costs"
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "tax",
      "label": {
        "de": "Steuern & Finanzen",
        "fr": "Impôts & finances",
        "it": "Imposte & finanze",
        "en": "Taxes & finance"
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "work",
      "label": {
        "de": "Arbeit & Bevölkerung",
        "fr": "Travail & population",
        "it": "Lavoro & popolazione",
        "en": "Work & population"
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "env",
      "label": {
        "de": "Umfeld & Sicherheit",
        "fr": "Cadre de vie & sécurité",
        "it": "Ambiente & sicurezza",
        "en": "Environment & safety"
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "health",
      "label": {
        "de": "Gesundheit",
        "fr": "Santé",
        "it": "Sanità",
        "en": "Health"
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "mobility",
      "label": {
        "de": "Mobilität & Fahrzeuge",
        "fr": "Mobilité & véhicules",
        "it": "Mobilità & veicoli",
        "en": "Mobility & vehicles"
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "sustainability",
      "label": {
        "de": "Nachhaltigkeit & Umwelt",
        "fr": "Durabilité & environnement",
        "it": "Sostenibilità & ambiente",
        "en": "Sustainability & environment"
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "infra",
      "label": {
        "de": "Erreichbarkeit & Infrastruktur",
        "fr": "Accessibilité & infrastructures",
        "it": "Accessibilità & infrastrutture",
        "en": "Connectivity & infrastructure"
      }
    }
  ],
  "metrics": [
    {
      "key": "foreigner_pct",
      "unit": "%",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "work",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS STATPOP",
      "label": {
        "en": "Foreign residents",
        "de": "Ausländeranteil",
        "fr": "Part d’étrangers",
        "it": "Quota di stranieri"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Share of residents who are foreign nationals (not Swiss citizens). A higher value means a more international population.",
        "de": "Anteil der Einwohner ohne Schweizer Pass. Ein höherer Wert bedeutet eine internationalere Bevölkerung.",
        "fr": "Part des habitants de nationalité étrangère (non suisse). Plus la valeur est élevée, plus la population est internationale.",
        "it": "Quota di residenti senza passaporto svizzero. Un valore più alto indica una popolazione più internazionale."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "net_migration_per_1000",
      "unit": "‰",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "work",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS Demografische Bilanz",
      "label": {
        "en": "Net migration (per 1,000)",
        "de": "Wanderungssaldo (pro 1’000)",
        "fr": "Solde migratoire (pour 1’000)",
        "it": "Saldo migratorio (per 1’000)"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "People moving in minus those moving out, per 1,000 residents (international plus between cantons). Positive means the canton is growing through migration.",
        "de": "Zuzüge minus Wegzüge pro 1’000 Einwohner (international und interkantonal). Positiv heisst: der Kanton wächst durch Zuwanderung.",
        "fr": "Arrivées moins départs pour 1’000 habitants (international et intercantonal). Positif : le canton croît par la migration.",
        "it": "Arrivi meno partenze per 1’000 abitanti (internazionale e intercantonale). Positivo: il cantone cresce per migrazione."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "sunshine_hours",
      "unit": "h/yr",
      "dir": "high",
      "cat": "env",
      "granularity": "canton (station mean)",
      "source": "MeteoSwiss",
      "label": {
        "en": "Sunshine",
        "de": "Sonnenstunden",
        "fr": "Ensoleillement",
        "it": "Ore di sole"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Average hours of sunshine per year, measured at the canton’s weather stations. Higher means sunnier.",
        "de": "Durchschnittliche Sonnenstunden pro Jahr, gemessen an den Wetterstationen des Kantons. Höher = sonniger.",
        "fr": "Heures d’ensoleillement moyennes par an, mesurées aux stations météo du canton. Plus élevé = plus ensoleillé.",
        "it": "Ore medie di sole all’anno, misurate alle stazioni meteo del cantone. Più alto = più soleggiato."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "balance_per_capita",
      "unit": "CHF/pers",
      "dir": "high",
      "cat": "tax",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "EFV FS-Modell",
      "label": {
        "en": "Fiscal balance per capita",
        "de": "Finanzierungssaldo pro Kopf",
        "fr": "Solde de financement par habitant",
        "it": "Saldo di finanziamento pro capite"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "The canton’s yearly budget result per resident — revenue minus spending. Positive is a surplus (earns more than it spends); negative is a deficit, which can signal future tax pressure.",
        "de": "Das jährliche Budgetergebnis des Kantons pro Kopf — Einnahmen minus Ausgaben. Positiv = Überschuss; negativ = Defizit, was auf künftigen Steuerdruck hindeuten kann.",
        "fr": "Le résultat budgétaire annuel du canton par habitant — recettes moins dépenses. Positif = excédent; négatif = déficit, signe possible de pression fiscale future.",
        "it": "Il risultato di bilancio annuo del cantone pro capite — entrate meno uscite. Positivo = avanzo; negativo = disavanzo, possibile segnale di futura pressione fiscale."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "beds_per_1000",
      "unit": "per 1,000",
      "dir": "high",
      "cat": "health",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS Krankenhausstatistik",
      "label": {
        "en": "Hospital beds (per 1,000)",
        "de": "Spitalbetten (pro 1’000)",
        "fr": "Lits d’hôpital (pour 1’000)",
        "it": "Posti letto ospedalieri (per 1’000)"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Hospital beds available per 1,000 residents. Higher means more hospital capacity in the canton.",
        "de": "Verfügbare Spitalbetten pro 1’000 Einwohner. Höher = mehr Spitalkapazität im Kanton.",
        "fr": "Lits d’hôpital disponibles pour 1’000 habitants. Plus élevé = plus de capacité hospitalière dans le canton.",
        "it": "Posti letto ospedalieri per 1’000 abitanti. Più alto = più capacità ospedaliera nel cantone."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "jobs",
      "unit": "jobs",
      "dir": "high",
      "cat": "work",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS STATENT",
      "label": {
        "en": "Jobs",
        "de": "Beschäftigte",
        "fr": "Emplois",
        "it": "Posti di lavoro"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Total jobs located in the canton (full- and part-time). A measure of the size of the local job market.",
        "de": "Anzahl Arbeitsplätze im Kanton (Voll- und Teilzeit). Mass für die Grösse des lokalen Arbeitsmarkts.",
        "fr": "Nombre d’emplois dans le canton (temps plein et partiel). Mesure de la taille du marché du travail local.",
        "it": "Numero di posti di lavoro nel cantone (tempo pieno e parziale). Misura della dimensione del mercato del lavoro locale."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "tax_single",
      "unit": "CHF/yr",
      "dir": "low",
      "cat": "tax",
      "granularity": "commune (cantonal capital)",
      "source": "ESTV",
      "label": {
        "en": "Income tax (single, 80k)",
        "de": "Einkommenssteuer (Single, 80k)",
        "fr": "Impôt sur le revenu (célib., 80k)",
        "it": "Imposta sul reddito (single, 80k)"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Total income+wealth tax (federal+cantonal+communal) for a single person earning CHF 80,000, at the canton capital, 2026 (ESTV). Lower is cheaper. The single biggest location lever — e.g. Zug ~3,300 vs Neuchâtel ~12,900/yr. Note: at the cantonal capital; varies by commune.",
        "de": "Gesamte Einkommens-+Vermögenssteuer (Bund+Kanton+Gemeinde) für eine alleinstehende Person mit CHF 80’000 Einkommen, am Kantonshauptort, 2026 (ESTV). Tiefer = günstiger. Der grösste Standort-Hebel — z.B. Zug ~3’300 vs. Neuenburg ~12’900/Jahr. Am Hauptort; variiert je Gemeinde.",
        "fr": "Impôt total revenu+fortune (fédéral+cantonal+communal) pour un célibataire gagnant CHF 80’000, au chef-lieu, 2026 (ESTV). Plus bas = moins cher. Le plus grand levier — p.ex. Zoug ~3’300 vs Neuchâtel ~12’900/an. Au chef-lieu; varie selon la commune.",
        "it": "Imposta totale reddito+sostanza (federale+cantonale+comunale) per un single con CHF 80’000 di reddito, al capoluogo, 2026 (ESTV). Più basso = più economico. La leva di luogo più grande — es. Zugo ~3’300 vs Neuchâtel ~12’900/anno. Al capoluogo; varia per comune."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "rent_mean",
      "unit": "CHF/mo",
      "dir": "low",
      "cat": "cost",
      "granularity": "canton (average)",
      "source": "BFS Strukturerhebung",
      "label": {
        "en": "Rent (avg)",
        "de": "Mietzins (Ø)",
        "fr": "Loyer (moy.)",
        "it": "Pigione (media)"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Average monthly rent of a tenant-occupied dwelling in the canton, all sizes (2024). Lower is cheaper. Rent often differs more between cantons than taxes do — e.g. Zug has low taxes but the highest rents. Caveat: canton average; city vs rural varies widely.",
        "de": "Durchschnittlicher monatlicher Mietzins einer Mietwohnung im Kanton, alle Grössen (2024). Tiefer = günstiger. Mietzinse unterscheiden sich zwischen Kantonen oft stärker als Steuern — z.B. Zug: tiefe Steuern, aber die höchsten Mietzinse. Vorbehalt: Kantonsmittel; Stadt vs. Land variiert stark.",
        "fr": "Loyer mensuel moyen d’un logement loué dans le canton, toutes tailles (2024). Plus bas = moins cher. Les loyers varient souvent davantage entre cantons que les impôts — p.ex. Zoug: impôts bas mais loyers les plus élevés. Réserve: moyenne cantonale; ville/campagne varie fortement.",
        "it": "Pigione mensile media di un’abitazione in locazione nel cantone, tutte le dimensioni (2024). Più bassa = più economica. Le pigioni variano spesso più delle imposte tra i cantoni — es. Zugo: imposte basse ma pigioni più alte. Avvertenza: media cantonale; città vs campagna varia molto."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "premium_adult",
      "unit": "CHF/mo",
      "dir": "low",
      "cat": "cost",
      "granularity": "canton (premium-region avg)",
      "source": "BAG / priminfo",
      "label": {
        "en": "Health premium (adult)",
        "de": "Krankenkassenprämie (Erw.)",
        "fr": "Prime maladie (adulte)",
        "it": "Premio cassa malati (adulto)"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Average monthly mandatory health-insurance premium for an adult — standard model, CHF 300 deductible, accident included (2026). Lower is cheaper. A major household cost that varies a lot by canton (≈CHF 380–665/month), and a key offset to any tax saving when you move.",
        "de": "Durchschnittliche monatliche obligatorische Krankenkassenprämie für Erwachsene — Standardmodell, Franchise CHF 300, mit Unfall (2026). Tiefer = günstiger. Grosse, kantonal stark schwankende Kosten (ca. CHF 380–665/Monat) — wichtiger Ausgleich zu Steuerersparnissen bei einem Umzug.",
        "fr": "Prime mensuelle moyenne de l’assurance-maladie obligatoire pour un adulte — modèle standard, franchise CHF 300, accident inclus (2026). Plus bas = moins cher. Coût majeur, très variable selon le canton (env. CHF 380–665/mois), contrepartie clé à toute économie d’impôt lors d’un déménagement.",
        "it": "Premio mensile medio dell’assicurazione malattia obbligatoria per un adulto — modello standard, franchigia CHF 300, infortunio incluso (2026). Più basso = più economico. Costo importante, molto variabile per cantone (circa CHF 380–665/mese), contrappeso chiave a qualsiasi risparmio fiscale in caso di trasloco."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "vacancy_pct",
      "unit": "%",
      "dir": "high",
      "cat": "env",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS LWZ",
      "label": {
        "en": "Vacancy rate",
        "de": "Leerwohnungsziffer",
        "fr": "Logements vacants",
        "it": "Abitazioni vuote"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Share of dwellings standing empty and offered for rent or sale on 1 June (BFS vacancy count, 2025). Higher means it is easier to find a flat; very low values (like Geneva or Zug) mean a tight housing market with more competition and rising rents.",
        "de": "Anteil der leer stehenden, zur Miete oder zum Kauf ausgeschriebenen Wohnungen am 1. Juni (BFS Leerwohnungszählung, 2025). Höher = einfacher eine Wohnung zu finden; sehr tiefe Werte (wie Genf oder Zug) bedeuten einen angespannten Wohnungsmarkt mit mehr Konkurrenz und steigenden Mietzinsen.",
        "fr": "Part des logements vides proposés à la location ou à la vente au 1er juin (dénombrement OFS des logements vacants, 2025). Plus élevé = plus facile de trouver un logement ; des valeurs très basses (comme Genève ou Zoug) signalent un marché tendu, plus de concurrence et des loyers en hausse.",
        "it": "Quota di abitazioni vuote offerte in locazione o in vendita al 1° giugno (censimento UST delle abitazioni vuote, 2025). Più alto = più facile trovare un alloggio; valori molto bassi (come Ginevra o Zugo) indicano un mercato teso, più concorrenza e pigioni in aumento."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "new_dwellings_per_1000",
      "unit": "per 1,000",
      "dir": "high",
      "cat": "env",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS Bau- und Wohnbaustatistik",
      "label": {
        "en": "New dwellings (per 1,000)",
        "de": "Neue Wohnungen (pro 1’000)",
        "fr": "Logements neufs (pour 1’000)",
        "it": "Abitazioni nuove (per 1’000)"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Dwellings completed during the year per 1,000 residents (BFS construction statistics, 2024). This is housing supply — how much new housing a canton actually builds — while the vacancy rate shows how much of the existing stock stands empty. Higher means more is being built, which over time eases a tight market. Caveat: a single large development moves a small canton a lot, so read it together with the vacancy rate and rents rather than on its own.",
        "de": "Im Jahr fertiggestellte Wohnungen pro 1’000 Einwohner (BFS Bau- und Wohnbaustatistik, 2024). Das ist das Wohnungsangebot — wie viel ein Kanton tatsächlich neu baut — während die Leerwohnungsziffer zeigt, wie viel des Bestands leer steht. Höher = es wird mehr gebaut, was einen angespannten Markt mit der Zeit entlastet. Vorbehalt: In einem kleinen Kanton verschiebt eine einzige grössere Überbauung den Wert stark — zusammen mit Leerwohnungsziffer und Mietzinsen lesen.",
        "fr": "Logements achevés dans l’année pour 1’000 habitants (statistique OFS de la construction, 2024). C’est l’offre de logements — ce qu’un canton construit réellement — alors que le taux de vacance montre la part du parc existant qui reste vide. Plus élevé = on construit davantage, ce qui détend un marché tendu avec le temps. Réserve : dans un petit canton, un seul grand projet déplace fortement la valeur — à lire avec le taux de vacance et les loyers.",
        "it": "Abitazioni ultimate nell’anno per 1’000 abitanti (statistica UST della costruzione, 2024). È l’offerta abitativa — quanto un cantone costruisce davvero — mentre la quota di abitazioni vuote mostra quanta parte del parco esistente resta libera. Più alto = si costruisce di più, il che nel tempo allenta un mercato teso. Avvertenza: in un cantone piccolo un singolo grande progetto sposta molto il valore — da leggere insieme alle abitazioni vuote e alle pigioni."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "crime_per_1000",
      "unit": "per 1,000",
      "dir": "low",
      "cat": "env",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS PKS",
      "label": {
        "en": "Offences (per 1,000)",
        "de": "Straftaten (pro 1’000)",
        "fr": "Infractions (pour 1’000)",
        "it": "Reati (per 1’000)"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Police-registered criminal-code offences per 1,000 residents (BFS Police Crime Statistics, 2024). Lower means fewer registered offences. Caveat: reporting behaviour varies, and city cantons count offences by commuters and visitors while only residents are in the denominator — Basel-Stadt and Geneva rank high partly for that reason.",
        "de": "Polizeilich registrierte StGB-Straftaten pro 1’000 Einwohner (BFS Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik, 2024). Tiefer = weniger registrierte Delikte. Vorbehalt: Das Anzeigeverhalten variiert, und Stadtkantone zählen auch Delikte von Pendlern und Besuchern, während nur die Wohnbevölkerung im Nenner steht — Basel-Stadt und Genf liegen auch deshalb hoch.",
        "fr": "Infractions au code pénal enregistrées par la police pour 1’000 habitants (Statistique policière de la criminalité OFS, 2024). Plus bas = moins d’infractions enregistrées. Réserve : la propension à dénoncer varie, et les cantons-villes comptent aussi les infractions de pendulaires et visiteurs alors que seule la population résidante figure au dénominateur — Bâle-Ville et Genève sont élevés aussi pour cette raison.",
        "it": "Reati del Codice penale registrati dalla polizia per 1’000 abitanti (Statistica criminale di polizia UST, 2024). Più basso = meno reati registrati. Avvertenza: la propensione alla denuncia varia e i cantoni-città contano anche i reati di pendolari e visitatori, mentre al denominatore c’è solo la popolazione residente — Basilea Città e Ginevra sono alti anche per questo."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "violent_crime_per_1000",
      "unit": "per 1,000",
      "dir": "low",
      "cat": "env",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS PKS",
      "label": {
        "en": "Violent offences (per 1,000)",
        "de": "Gewaltdelikte (pro 1’000)",
        "fr": "Infractions violentes (pour 1’000)",
        "it": "Reati violenti (per 1’000)"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Police-registered violent offences per 1,000 residents (BFS Police Crime Statistics): homicide incl. attempts, serious and simple bodily harm, assault, robbery, extortion, threats, coercion, deprivation of liberty, sexual coercion, rape, violence against officials — an SLI selection of BFS offence lines, listed in the evidence drawer. Lower means fewer registered violent offences. Same caveats as total offences: reporting behaviour and commuter/visitor effects in city cantons.",
        "de": "Polizeilich registrierte Gewaltdelikte pro 1’000 Einwohner (BFS Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik): Tötungsdelikte inkl. Versuche, schwere und einfache Körperverletzung, Tätlichkeiten, Raub, Erpressung, Drohung, Nötigung, Freiheitsberaubung, sexuelle Nötigung, Vergewaltigung, Gewalt gegen Beamte — eine SLI-Auswahl von BFS-Straftatbeständen, in der Nachweis-Box aufgelistet. Tiefer = weniger registrierte Gewaltdelikte. Gleiche Vorbehalte wie bei allen Straftaten: Anzeigeverhalten und Pendler-/Besuchereffekte in Stadtkantonen.",
        "fr": "Infractions violentes enregistrées par la police pour 1’000 habitants (Statistique policière de la criminalité OFS) : homicides y c. tentatives, lésions corporelles graves et simples, voies de fait, brigandage, extorsion, menaces, contrainte, séquestration, contrainte sexuelle, viol, violence contre les autorités — une sélection SLI de lignes d’infraction OFS, listée dans le tiroir de preuves. Plus bas = moins d’infractions violentes enregistrées. Mêmes réserves que pour l’ensemble des infractions : comportement de dénonciation et effets pendulaires/visiteurs dans les cantons-villes.",
        "it": "Reati violenti registrati dalla polizia per 1’000 abitanti (Statistica criminale di polizia UST): omicidi incl. tentativi, lesioni gravi e semplici, vie di fatto, rapina, estorsione, minaccia, coazione, sequestro, coazione sessuale, violenza carnale, violenza contro le autorità — una selezione SLI di voci di reato UST, elencata nel cassetto delle prove. Più basso = meno reati violenti registrati. Stesse riserve di tutti i reati: propensione alla denuncia ed effetti pendolari/visitatori nei cantoni-città."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "population_growth_pct",
      "unit": "%",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "work",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS Demografische Bilanz",
      "label": {
        "en": "Population growth",
        "de": "Bevölkerungswachstum",
        "fr": "Croissance démographique",
        "it": "Crescita demografica"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Change of the permanent resident population over the year as a share of the 1 January population (BFS demographic balance). A context figure: growth reflects births, deaths, international and inter-cantonal migration — not a better/worse scale. The population & migration hub breaks it into its components.",
        "de": "Veränderung der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung im Jahresverlauf in Prozent der Bevölkerung am 1. Januar (BFS Demografische Bilanz). Eine Kontextzahl: Wachstum ergibt sich aus Geburten, Todesfällen, internationaler und interkantonaler Wanderung — keine Besser-schlechter-Skala. Der Hub Bevölkerung & Migration zerlegt es in seine Komponenten.",
        "fr": "Variation de la population résidante permanente sur l’année en pour cent de la population au 1er janvier (bilan démographique OFS). Un chiffre de contexte : la croissance résulte des naissances, décès, migrations internationales et intercantonales — pas une échelle de valeur. Le hub population & migration la décompose.",
        "it": "Variazione della popolazione residente permanente nell’anno in percentuale della popolazione al 1° gennaio (bilancio demografico UST). Una cifra di contesto: la crescita deriva da nascite, decessi, migrazione internazionale e intercantonale — non una scala di valore. L’hub popolazione & migrazione la scompone."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "net_debt_per_capita",
      "unit": "CHF/pers",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "tax",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "EFV Finanzstatistik",
      "label": {
        "en": "Cantonal net debt per capita",
        "de": "Nettoschuld des Kantons pro Kopf",
        "fr": "Dette nette cantonale par habitant",
        "it": "Debito netto cantonale pro capite"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Net debt of the cantonal government per resident (liabilities minus financial assets; negative = net assets), official EFV financial statistics, latest audited year. A context figure: cantons split tasks with their communes differently, so debt levels are partly structural — the public-finance hub shows the consolidated view.",
        "de": "Nettoschuld des Kantons pro Einwohner:in (Fremdkapital minus Finanzvermögen; negativ = Nettovermögen), offizielle EFV-Finanzstatistik, letztes Rechnungsjahr. Eine Kontextzahl: Kantone verteilen Aufgaben unterschiedlich auf Gemeinden, Schuldenstände sind darum teils strukturell — der Hub Öffentliche Finanzen zeigt die konsolidierte Sicht.",
        "fr": "Dette nette du canton par habitant (capitaux de tiers moins patrimoine financier ; négatif = fortune nette), statistique financière officielle de l’AFF, dernière année comptable. Un chiffre de contexte : les cantons répartissent différemment les tâches avec leurs communes, les niveaux de dette sont donc en partie structurels — le hub finances publiques montre la vue consolidée.",
        "it": "Debito netto del cantone per abitante (capitale di terzi meno beni patrimoniali; negativo = sostanza netta), statistica finanziaria ufficiale AFF, ultimo anno di consuntivo. Una cifra di contesto: i cantoni ripartiscono i compiti con i comuni in modo diverso, i livelli di debito sono quindi in parte strutturali — l’hub finanze pubbliche mostra la vista consolidata."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "birth_rate_per_1000",
      "unit": "per 1,000",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "work",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS BEVNAT",
      "label": {
        "en": "Birth rate (per 1,000)",
        "de": "Geburtenrate (pro 1’000)",
        "fr": "Taux de natalité (pour 1’000)",
        "it": "Tasso di natalità (per 1’000)"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Live births per 1,000 residents (BFS BEVNAT births ÷ STATPOP resident population of the same year). A context figure that mostly reflects a canton’s age structure — the births & first-names hub adds sex, citizenship of child and mother, mothers’ age and the most popular names.",
        "de": "Lebendgeburten pro 1’000 Einwohner:innen (BFS BEVNAT Geburten ÷ STATPOP-Wohnbevölkerung desselben Jahres). Eine Kontextzahl, die vor allem die Altersstruktur eines Kantons spiegelt — der Hub Geburten & Vornamen ergänzt Geschlecht, Staatsangehörigkeit von Kind und Mutter, Alter der Mütter und die beliebtesten Namen.",
        "fr": "Naissances vivantes pour 1’000 habitants (naissances OFS BEVNAT ÷ population résidante STATPOP de la même année). Un chiffre de contexte qui reflète surtout la structure d’âge d’un canton — le hub naissances & prénoms ajoute le sexe, la nationalité de l’enfant et de la mère, l’âge des mères et les prénoms les plus donnés.",
        "it": "Nati vivi per 1’000 abitanti (nascite UST BEVNAT ÷ popolazione residente STATPOP dello stesso anno). Una cifra di contesto che riflette soprattutto la struttura per età di un cantone — l’hub nascite & nomi aggiunge sesso, cittadinanza di bambino e madre, età delle madri e i nomi più dati."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "ev_share_new_cars_pct",
      "unit": "%",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "mobility",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS/ASTRA IVZ",
      "label": {
        "en": "Electric share of new cars",
        "de": "Elektroanteil Neuzulassungen",
        "fr": "Part électrique des immatriculations",
        "it": "Quota elettrica immatricolazioni"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Share of newly registered passenger cars that are fully electric (BFS cube of new registrations from the ASTRA vehicle register, latest year). A context figure on the pace of electrification — the vehicles & mobility hub adds the fleet, plug-in hybrids, motorbikes, goods vehicles, communes and makes.",
        "de": "Anteil der neu zugelassenen Personenwagen, die rein elektrisch fahren (BFS-Würfel der Neuzulassungen aus dem ASTRA-Fahrzeugregister, letztes Jahr). Eine Kontextzahl zum Tempo der Elektrifizierung — der Hub Fahrzeuge & Mobilität ergänzt Bestand, Plug-in-Hybride, Motorräder, Güterfahrzeuge, Gemeinden und Marken.",
        "fr": "Part des voitures de tourisme nouvellement immatriculées qui sont tout électriques (cube OFS des immatriculations, registre OFROU, dernière année). Un chiffre de contexte sur le rythme de l’électrification — le hub véhicules & mobilité ajoute le parc, les hybrides rechargeables, motos, utilitaires, communes et marques.",
        "it": "Quota delle automobili di nuova immatricolazione puramente elettriche (cubo UST delle immatricolazioni dal registro USTRA, ultimo anno). Una cifra di contesto sul ritmo dell’elettrificazione — l’hub veicoli & mobilità aggiunge parco, ibride plug-in, moto, veicoli merci, comuni e marche."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "cars_per_1000",
      "unit": "per 1,000",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "mobility",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS/ASTRA IVZ",
      "label": {
        "en": "Cars per 1,000 residents",
        "de": "Autos pro 1’000 Einwohner",
        "fr": "Voitures pour 1’000 habitants",
        "it": "Auto per 1’000 abitanti"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Registered passenger cars per 1,000 residents (ASTRA vehicle register via BFS, stock on 30 September; STATPOP population of the same year). A context figure: motorisation follows topography, public-transport supply and urban/rural structure, not quality of life.",
        "de": "Eingelöste Personenwagen pro 1’000 Einwohner:innen (ASTRA-Fahrzeugregister via BFS, Bestand am 30. September; STATPOP-Bevölkerung desselben Jahres). Eine Kontextzahl: Motorisierung folgt Topografie, ÖV-Angebot und Stadt/Land — nicht der Lebensqualität.",
        "fr": "Voitures de tourisme immatriculées pour 1’000 habitants (registre OFROU via OFS, parc au 30 septembre ; population STATPOP de la même année). Un chiffre de contexte : la motorisation suit la topographie, l’offre de transports publics et le caractère urbain ou rural, pas la qualité de vie.",
        "it": "Automobili immatricolate per 1’000 abitanti (registro USTRA via UST, parco al 30 settembre; popolazione STATPOP dello stesso anno). Una cifra di contesto: la motorizzazione segue topografia, offerta di trasporti pubblici e città/campagna, non la qualità di vita."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "ev_share_stock_pct",
      "unit": "%",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "mobility",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS/ASTRA IVZ",
      "label": {
        "en": "Electric share of car fleet",
        "de": "Elektroanteil Fahrzeugbestand",
        "fr": "Part électrique du parc",
        "it": "Quota elettrica del parco"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Share of the registered passenger-car fleet that is fully electric (stock on 30 September, ASTRA register via BFS). Plug-in hybrids are counted separately on the mobility hub.",
        "de": "Anteil des eingelösten Personenwagenbestands, der rein elektrisch fährt (Bestand am 30. September, ASTRA-Register via BFS). Plug-in-Hybride werden im Hub Fahrzeuge & Mobilität separat ausgewiesen.",
        "fr": "Part du parc de voitures de tourisme immatriculées qui est tout électrique (parc au 30 septembre, registre OFROU via OFS). Les hybrides rechargeables sont comptés à part sur le hub mobilité.",
        "it": "Quota del parco automobili immatricolate puramente elettrica (parco al 30 settembre, registro USTRA via UST). Le ibride plug-in sono conteggiate a parte nell’hub mobilità."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "motorbikes_per_1000",
      "unit": "per 1,000",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "mobility",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS/ASTRA IVZ",
      "label": {
        "en": "Motorbikes per 1,000 residents",
        "de": "Motorräder pro 1’000 Einwohner",
        "fr": "Motos pour 1’000 habitants",
        "it": "Moto per 1’000 abitanti"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Registered motorbikes (BFS group \"Motorräder\": motorcycles, scooters, mopeds incl. fast e-bikes with a plate) per 1,000 residents, stock on 30 September. Context figure — Ticino and the mountain cantons traditionally lead.",
        "de": "Eingelöste Motorräder (BFS-Gruppe «Motorräder»: Motorräder, Roller, Motorfahrräder inkl. schnelle E-Bikes mit Kontrollschild) pro 1’000 Einwohner:innen, Bestand am 30. September. Kontextzahl — Tessin und Bergkantone liegen traditionell vorn.",
        "fr": "Motos immatriculées (groupe OFS « motocycles » : motos, scooters, cyclomoteurs y c. vélos électriques rapides à plaque) pour 1’000 habitants, parc au 30 septembre. Chiffre de contexte — le Tessin et les cantons de montagne sont traditionnellement en tête.",
        "it": "Motoveicoli immatricolati (gruppo UST «motoveicoli»: moto, scooter, ciclomotori incl. e-bike veloci con targa) per 1’000 abitanti, parco al 30 settembre. Cifra di contesto — Ticino e cantoni di montagna sono tradizionalmente in testa."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "goods_vehicles_per_1000",
      "unit": "per 1,000",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "mobility",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS/ASTRA IVZ",
      "label": {
        "en": "Goods vehicles per 1,000 residents",
        "de": "Güterfahrzeuge pro 1’000 Einwohner",
        "fr": "Véhicules utilitaires pour 1’000 habitants",
        "it": "Veicoli merci per 1’000 abitanti"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Registered goods-transport vehicles (vans and lorries, BFS group \"Sachentransportfahrzeuge\") per 1,000 residents, stock on 30 September. A context figure on the local economy’s logistics footprint.",
        "de": "Eingelöste Sachentransportfahrzeuge (Lieferwagen und Lastwagen, BFS-Gruppe «Sachentransportfahrzeuge») pro 1’000 Einwohner:innen, Bestand am 30. September. Eine Kontextzahl zum Logistik-Fussabdruck der lokalen Wirtschaft.",
        "fr": "Véhicules de transport de choses immatriculés (camionnettes et camions, groupe OFS) pour 1’000 habitants, parc au 30 septembre. Un chiffre de contexte sur l’empreinte logistique de l’économie locale.",
        "it": "Veicoli per il trasporto di cose immatricolati (furgoni e camion, gruppo UST) per 1’000 abitanti, parco al 30 settembre. Una cifra di contesto sull’impronta logistica dell’economia locale."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "cross_border_share_of_jobs_pct",
      "unit": "%",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "work",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS GGS/STATENT",
      "label": {
        "en": "Cross-border commuters (share of jobs)",
        "de": "Grenzgänger-Anteil an Arbeitsplätzen",
        "fr": "Part des frontaliers dans les emplois",
        "it": "Quota di frontalieri sui posti di lavoro"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Foreign cross-border commuters (G permit) working in the canton at the end of the year as a share of all jobs there (BFS cross-border commuter statistics GGS, Q4, divided by STATENT jobs of the same year). A context figure on how integrated a canton’s labour market is with France, Germany, Italy and Austria — the cross-border commuters hub shows countries of residence, sectors, ages, communes and the trend since 1996.",
        "de": "Ausländische Grenzgänger:innen (G-Bewilligung), die Ende Jahr im Kanton arbeiten, im Verhältnis zu allen Arbeitsplätzen dort (BFS Grenzgängerstatistik GGS, 4. Quartal, geteilt durch STATENT-Beschäftigte desselben Jahres). Eine Kontextzahl dazu, wie eng der Arbeitsmarkt eines Kantons mit Frankreich, Deutschland, Italien und Österreich verflochten ist — der Grenzgänger-Hub zeigt Wohnländer, Branchen, Alter, Gemeinden und den Verlauf seit 1996.",
        "fr": "Frontaliers étrangers (permis G) travaillant dans le canton en fin d’année, rapportés à l’ensemble des emplois (statistique OFS des frontaliers STAF, 4e trimestre, divisé par les emplois STATENT de la même année). Un chiffre de contexte sur l’imbrication du marché du travail cantonal avec la France, l’Allemagne, l’Italie et l’Autriche — le hub frontaliers montre pays de résidence, branches, âges, communes et l’évolution depuis 1996.",
        "it": "Frontalieri stranieri (permesso G) che lavorano nel cantone a fine anno, rapportati a tutti i posti di lavoro (statistica UST dei frontalieri STAF, 4º trimestre, diviso per gli occupati STATENT dello stesso anno). Una cifra di contesto sull’integrazione del mercato del lavoro cantonale con Francia, Germania, Italia e Austria — l’hub frontalieri mostra paesi di residenza, settori, età, comuni e l’evoluzione dal 1996."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "median_net_income_chf",
      "unit": "CHF/yr",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "work",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "ESTV dBSt",
      "label": {
        "en": "Median net income",
        "de": "Median-Reineinkommen",
        "fr": "Revenu net médian",
        "it": "Reddito netto mediano"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Median net income (Reineinkommen) per taxpayer unit and year from the federal direct-tax statistics, all filers (ESTV). The only official resident-household income measure defined identically in all 26 cantons. Caveats: a tax concept, not a salary — people taxed at source (most B-permit holders, cross-border commuters) are excluded; one unit = one jointly taxed household; published with a ~3-year lag. Not comparable to taxable income, which is about 10% lower.",
        "de": "Median des Reineinkommens pro Steuerpflichtigen und Jahr aus der Statistik der direkten Bundessteuer, alle Steuerpflichtigen (ESTV). Das einzige amtliche Einkommensmass der Wohnbevölkerung, das in allen 26 Kantonen gleich definiert ist. Vorbehalte: ein Steuerbegriff, kein Lohn — quellenbesteuerte Personen (die meisten B-Bewilligungen, Grenzgänger:innen) fehlen; eine Einheit = ein gemeinsam besteuerter Haushalt; Publikation mit ca. 3 Jahren Verzögerung. Nicht mit dem steuerbaren Einkommen zu verwechseln (rund 10% tiefer).",
        "fr": "Revenu net médian (Reineinkommen) par contribuable et par an, statistique de l’impôt fédéral direct, tous les contribuables (AFC). La seule mesure officielle du revenu des ménages résidents définie à l’identique dans les 26 cantons. Réserves : un concept fiscal, pas un salaire — les personnes imposées à la source (la plupart des permis B, les frontaliers) en sont exclues ; une unité = un ménage imposé conjointement ; publication avec ~3 ans de retard. À ne pas confondre avec le revenu imposable, inférieur d’environ 10 %.",
        "it": "Reddito netto mediano (Reineinkommen) per contribuente e anno, statistica dell’imposta federale diretta, tutti i contribuenti (AFC). L’unica misura ufficiale del reddito delle economie domestiche residenti definita allo stesso modo in tutti i 26 cantoni. Riserve: un concetto fiscale, non un salario — le persone tassate alla fonte (la maggior parte dei permessi B, i frontalieri) sono escluse; un’unità = un’economia domestica tassata congiuntamente; pubblicazione con circa 3 anni di ritardo. Da non confondere con il reddito imponibile, inferiore di circa il 10%."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "broadband_gbit_pct",
      "unit": "%",
      "dir": "high",
      "cat": "infra",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BAKOM Breitbandatlas",
      "label": {
        "en": "Gigabit broadband availability",
        "de": "Gigabit-Breitband verfügbar",
        "fr": "Haut débit gigabit disponible",
        "it": "Banda larga gigabit disponibile"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Share of buildings in the canton where an internet connection of at least 1 Gbit/s download is available (BAKOM broadband atlas, LINDAS cube, building-weighted from all communes; latest published period). Availability, not subscriptions. The infrastructure hub adds 100 Mbit/s, fibre, upload speeds and the commune map.",
        "de": "Anteil der Gebäude im Kanton, für die ein Internetanschluss mit mindestens 1 Gbit/s Download verfügbar ist (BAKOM Breitbandatlas, LINDAS-Würfel, gebäudegewichtet über alle Gemeinden; letzte publizierte Periode). Verfügbarkeit, nicht Abonnemente. Der Infrastruktur-Hub ergänzt 100 Mbit/s, Glasfaser, Upload und die Gemeindekarte.",
        "fr": "Part des bâtiments du canton où une connexion internet d’au moins 1 Gbit/s en téléchargement est disponible (atlas du haut débit OFCOM, cube LINDAS, pondéré par bâtiments sur toutes les communes ; dernière période publiée). Disponibilité, pas abonnements. Le hub infrastructures ajoute 100 Mbit/s, la fibre, l’upload et la carte des communes.",
        "it": "Quota di edifici del cantone in cui è disponibile una connessione internet di almeno 1 Gbit/s in download (atlante della banda larga UFCOM, cubo LINDAS, ponderato per edifici su tutti i comuni; ultimo periodo pubblicato). Disponibilità, non abbonamenti. L’hub infrastrutture aggiunge 100 Mbit/s, fibra, upload e la mappa dei comuni."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "pt_accessibility_index",
      "unit": "pts",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "infra",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "ARE Erreichbarkeit",
      "label": {
        "en": "Public-transport accessibility (ARE index)",
        "de": "ÖV-Erreichbarkeit (ARE-Index)",
        "fr": "Accessibilité en transports publics (indice ARE)",
        "it": "Accessibilità con i trasporti pubblici (indice ARE)"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Federal Office for Spatial Development (ARE) accessibility index by public transport: how many residents and jobs can be reached from a place, weighted by travel time (national passenger transport model NPVM 2017, EWAP variant). Canton value = population-weighted mean of its communes. A context figure — higher means denser reach, typical of city cantons; it says nothing about quality of life. Road accessibility and the commune values are on the infrastructure hub.",
        "de": "Erreichbarkeitsindex des Bundesamts für Raumentwicklung (ARE) mit dem öffentlichen Verkehr: wie viele Einwohner:innen und Arbeitsplätze von einem Ort aus erreichbar sind, gewichtet nach Reisezeit (Nationales Personenverkehrsmodell NPVM 2017, Variante EWAP). Kantonswert = bevölkerungsgewichteter Mittelwert der Gemeinden. Eine Kontextzahl — höher heisst dichtere Erreichbarkeit, typisch für Stadtkantone; keine Aussage zur Lebensqualität. Strassen-Erreichbarkeit und Gemeindewerte im Infrastruktur-Hub.",
        "fr": "Indice d’accessibilité en transports publics de l’Office fédéral du développement territorial (ARE) : nombre d’habitants et d’emplois atteignables depuis un lieu, pondérés par le temps de trajet (modèle national du trafic voyageurs MNTP 2017, variante EWAP). Valeur cantonale = moyenne des communes pondérée par la population. Un chiffre de contexte — plus élevé signifie une desserte plus dense, typique des cantons-villes ; rien sur la qualité de vie. Accessibilité routière et valeurs communales sur le hub infrastructures.",
        "it": "Indice di accessibilità con i trasporti pubblici dell’Ufficio federale dello sviluppo territoriale (ARE): quanti abitanti e posti di lavoro sono raggiungibili da un luogo, ponderati per tempo di viaggio (modello nazionale del traffico viaggiatori MNTP 2017, variante EWAP). Valore cantonale = media dei comuni ponderata per la popolazione. Una cifra di contesto — più alto significa raggiungibilità più densa, tipica dei cantoni-città; nulla sulla qualità di vita. Accessibilità stradale e valori comunali nell’hub infrastrutture."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "pv_w_per_capita",
      "unit": "W/pers",
      "dir": "high",
      "cat": "sustainability",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFE Pronovo register",
      "label": {
        "en": "Solar power per resident",
        "de": "Solarstrom-Leistung pro Kopf",
        "fr": "Puissance solaire par habitant",
        "it": "Potenza solare per abitante"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Installed photovoltaic capacity in watts per resident: every PV plant in the federal electricity-production register (BFE/Pronovo, updated daily) located to its commune, cumulative up to the retrieval date, divided by the STATPOP population. Higher means more solar per person. Caveat: new plants are registered with a lag, so the last 12–18 months are under-counted.",
        "de": "Installierte Photovoltaik-Leistung in Watt pro Einwohner:in: jede PV-Anlage aus dem eidgenössischen Register der Elektrizitätsproduktionsanlagen (BFE/Pronovo, täglich aktualisiert), der Gemeinde zugeordnet, kumuliert bis zum Abrufdatum, geteilt durch die STATPOP-Bevölkerung. Höher = mehr Solarstrom pro Kopf. Vorbehalt: Neuanlagen werden mit Verzögerung registriert — die letzten 12–18 Monate sind untererfasst.",
        "fr": "Puissance photovoltaïque installée en watts par habitant : chaque installation du registre fédéral des installations de production d’électricité (OFEN/Pronovo, mis à jour quotidiennement), localisée dans sa commune, cumulée jusqu’à la date de relevé, divisée par la population STATPOP. Plus élevé = plus de solaire par personne. Réserve : les nouvelles installations sont enregistrées avec retard — les 12 à 18 derniers mois sont sous-comptés.",
        "it": "Potenza fotovoltaica installata in watt per abitante: ogni impianto del registro federale degli impianti di produzione di elettricità (UFE/Pronovo, aggiornato quotidianamente), localizzato nel comune, cumulato fino alla data di rilevamento, diviso per la popolazione STATPOP. Più alto = più solare a persona. Riserva: i nuovi impianti sono registrati con ritardo — gli ultimi 12–18 mesi sono sottostimati."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "energiestadt_population_share_pct",
      "unit": "%",
      "dir": "high",
      "cat": "sustainability",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFE Energiestadt",
      "label": {
        "en": "Population in Energiestadt communes",
        "de": "Bevölkerung in Energiestädten",
        "fr": "Population dans les Cités de l’énergie",
        "it": "Popolazione nelle Città dell’energia"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Share of the canton’s residents living in a commune holding the federal \"Energiestadt\" label (EnergieSchweiz programme of the Federal Office of Energy: audited municipal energy and climate policy; Gold = highest level). Higher means more residents covered by an audited municipal energy policy — a label, not a measured emission outcome.",
        "de": "Anteil der Kantonsbevölkerung, der in einer Gemeinde mit dem Label «Energiestadt» lebt (Programm EnergieSchweiz des Bundesamts für Energie: auditierte kommunale Energie- und Klimapolitik; Gold = höchste Stufe). Höher = mehr Einwohner:innen unter einer auditierten Gemeinde-Energiepolitik — ein Label, kein gemessener Emissionswert.",
        "fr": "Part des habitants du canton vivant dans une commune labellisée « Cité de l’énergie » (programme SuisseEnergie de l’Office fédéral de l’énergie : politique énergétique et climatique communale auditée ; Gold = niveau le plus élevé). Plus élevé = plus d’habitants couverts par une politique énergétique communale auditée — un label, pas une émission mesurée.",
        "it": "Quota degli abitanti del cantone che vivono in un comune con il marchio «Città dell’energia» (programma SvizzeraEnergia dell’Ufficio federale dell’energia: politica energetica e climatica comunale certificata; Gold = livello più alto). Più alto = più abitanti coperti da una politica energetica comunale certificata — un marchio, non un’emissione misurata."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "organic_area_share_pct",
      "unit": "%",
      "dir": "high",
      "cat": "sustainability",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS Landwirtschaftsstatistik",
      "label": {
        "en": "Organic farmland share",
        "de": "Bio-Anteil der Landwirtschaftsfläche",
        "fr": "Part de surface agricole bio",
        "it": "Quota di superficie agricola bio"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Share of the utilised agricultural area farmed organically (BFS agricultural structure survey, yearly). Higher means a larger organic share. Mountain cantons such as Graubünden lead because extensive grassland converts easily; it is a farming-structure figure, not a food-consumption one.",
        "de": "Anteil der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche, der biologisch bewirtschaftet wird (BFS Landwirtschaftliche Strukturerhebung, jährlich). Höher = grösserer Bio-Anteil. Bergkantone wie Graubünden liegen vorn, weil extensives Grünland leicht umgestellt wird — eine Strukturzahl der Landwirtschaft, keine Konsumzahl.",
        "fr": "Part de la surface agricole utile exploitée en bio (relevé des structures agricoles OFS, annuel). Plus élevé = part bio plus grande. Les cantons de montagne comme les Grisons sont en tête car les herbages extensifs se convertissent facilement — un chiffre de structure agricole, pas de consommation.",
        "it": "Quota della superficie agricola utile coltivata biologicamente (rilevazione delle strutture agricole UST, annuale). Più alto = quota bio maggiore. I cantoni di montagna come i Grigioni sono in testa perché i prati estensivi si convertono facilmente — una cifra di struttura agricola, non di consumo."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "waste_kg_per_capita",
      "unit": "kg/pers",
      "dir": "low",
      "cat": "sustainability",
      "granularity": "canton (Cercle Indicateurs participants)",
      "source": "BFS Cercle Indicateurs",
      "label": {
        "en": "Municipal waste per resident",
        "de": "Siedlungsabfälle pro Kopf",
        "fr": "Déchets urbains par habitant",
        "it": "Rifiuti urbani per abitante"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Non-separated municipal waste (incinerated) in kilograms per resident and year, from the BFS Cercle Indicateurs sustainability monitoring (indicator 4.1). Only the cantons participating in the Cercle Indicateurs are covered — the ranking states \"of n\". Lower means less residual waste per person.",
        "de": "Nicht separat gesammelte Siedlungsabfälle (Kehricht) in Kilogramm pro Einwohner:in und Jahr, aus dem Nachhaltigkeits-Monitoring Cercle Indicateurs des BFS (Indikator 4.1). Nur die am Cercle Indicateurs beteiligten Kantone sind erfasst — die Rangliste sagt «von n». Tiefer = weniger Kehricht pro Kopf.",
        "fr": "Déchets urbains non collectés séparément (incinérés) en kilogrammes par habitant et par an, du monitoring de durabilité Cercle Indicateurs de l’OFS (indicateur 4.1). Seuls les cantons participant au Cercle Indicateurs sont couverts — le classement indique « sur n ». Plus bas = moins de déchets résiduels par personne.",
        "it": "Rifiuti urbani non raccolti separatamente (inceneriti) in chilogrammi per abitante e anno, dal monitoraggio della sostenibilità Cercle Indicateurs dell’UST (indicatore 4.1). Solo i cantoni che partecipano al Cercle Indicateurs sono coperti — la classifica indica «su n». Più basso = meno rifiuti residui a persona."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "separate_collection_pct",
      "unit": "%",
      "dir": "high",
      "cat": "sustainability",
      "granularity": "canton (Cercle Indicateurs participants)",
      "source": "BFS Cercle Indicateurs",
      "label": {
        "en": "Separately collected waste share",
        "de": "Separatsammlung-Anteil",
        "fr": "Part des déchets collectés séparément",
        "it": "Quota di raccolta differenziata"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Share of municipal waste collected separately for recycling (BFS Cercle Indicateurs indicator 4.2), participating cantons only. Higher means more recycling collection. Definitions differ from Eurostat’s national recycling rate shown on the sustainability hub.",
        "de": "Anteil der Siedlungsabfälle, der separat für die Verwertung gesammelt wird (BFS Cercle Indicateurs, Indikator 4.2), nur beteiligte Kantone. Höher = mehr Separatsammlung. Die Definition unterscheidet sich von der nationalen Recyclingquote von Eurostat im Nachhaltigkeits-Hub.",
        "fr": "Part des déchets urbains collectés séparément pour le recyclage (indicateur 4.2 du Cercle Indicateurs OFS), cantons participants uniquement. Plus élevé = plus de collecte sélective. La définition diffère du taux de recyclage national d’Eurostat présenté sur le hub durabilité.",
        "it": "Quota dei rifiuti urbani raccolti separatamente per il riciclaggio (indicatore 4.2 del Cercle Indicateurs UST), solo cantoni partecipanti. Più alto = più raccolta differenziata. La definizione differisce dal tasso di riciclaggio nazionale di Eurostat mostrato nell’hub sostenibilità."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "naturalisation_rate",
      "unit": "per 1,000 foreigners",
      "dir": "neutral",
      "cat": "work",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "BFS/SEM Einbürgerungsstatistik",
      "label": {
        "en": "Naturalisations (per 1,000 foreigners)",
        "de": "Einbürgerungen (pro 1’000 Ausländer:innen)",
        "fr": "Naturalisations (pour 1’000 étrangers)",
        "it": "Naturalizzazioni (per 1’000 stranieri)"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Naturalisations per year per 1,000 foreign residents (all types; BFS/SEM). A context figure: it reflects cantonal procedures, fees and who lives there — not a \"better/worse\" scale.",
        "de": "Einbürgerungen pro Jahr pro 1’000 ausländische Einwohner:innen (alle Verfahren; BFS/SEM). Eine Kontextzahl: Sie spiegelt kantonale Verfahren, Gebühren und die Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung — keine Besser-schlechter-Skala.",
        "fr": "Naturalisations par an pour 1’000 résidents étrangers (toutes procédures ; OFS/SEM). Un chiffre de contexte : il reflète les procédures cantonales, les émoluments et la composition de la population — pas une échelle de valeur.",
        "it": "Naturalizzazioni all’anno per 1’000 residenti stranieri (tutte le procedure; UST/SEM). Una cifra di contesto: riflette le procedure cantonali, le tasse e la composizione della popolazione — non una scala di valore."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "unemployment_pct",
      "unit": "%",
      "dir": "low",
      "cat": "work",
      "granularity": "canton",
      "source": "SECO amstat",
      "label": {
        "en": "Unemployment rate",
        "de": "Arbeitslosenquote",
        "fr": "Taux de chômage",
        "it": "Tasso di disoccupazione"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Registered unemployment rate: people registered as unemployed at a regional employment centre (RAV) as a share of the labour force, latest reported month (SECO, monthly). Lower means fewer registered jobseekers. Caveat: this is the SECO registered rate, not the ILO unemployment rate — people out of work who don’t register at a RAV are not counted, so the ILO rate is typically higher.",
        "de": "Registrierte Arbeitslosenquote: Bei einem RAV als arbeitslos gemeldete Personen im Verhältnis zu den Erwerbspersonen, letzter gemeldeter Monat (SECO, monatlich). Tiefer = weniger gemeldete Stellensuchende. Vorbehalt: Das ist die registrierte Quote des SECO, nicht die ILO-Erwerbslosenquote — wer sich nicht beim RAV meldet, wird nicht gezählt; die ILO-Quote liegt darum meist höher.",
        "fr": "Taux de chômage inscrit : personnes inscrites au chômage auprès d’un ORP par rapport aux personnes actives, dernier mois publié (SECO, mensuel). Plus bas = moins de demandeurs d’emploi inscrits. Réserve : c’est le taux « inscrit » du SECO, pas le taux de chômage BIT — qui ne s’inscrit pas à l’ORP n’est pas compté ; le taux BIT est donc en général plus élevé.",
        "it": "Tasso di disoccupazione registrato: persone iscritte come disoccupate presso un URC rispetto alle persone attive, ultimo mese pubblicato (SECO, mensile). Più basso = meno persone in cerca d’impiego registrate. Avvertenza: è il tasso «registrato» della SECO, non il tasso di disoccupazione ILO — chi non si iscrive all’URC non viene contato; il tasso ILO è quindi di norma più alto."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "electricity_rp_kwh",
      "unit": "Rp./kWh",
      "dir": "low",
      "cat": "cost",
      "granularity": "canton (median)",
      "source": "ElCom",
      "label": {
        "en": "Electricity price",
        "de": "Strompreis",
        "fr": "Prix de l’électricité",
        "it": "Prezzo dell’elettricità"
      },
      "explain": {
        "en": "Median household electricity tariff in the canton — total price incl. energy, grid and charges, for a typical 5-room flat (4,500 kWh/yr, standard product; ElCom, 2026). Lower is cheaper. Varies by commune via the local grid operator.",
        "de": "Mittlerer Haushalts-Strompreis im Kanton — Gesamtpreis inkl. Energie, Netz und Abgaben, für eine typische 5-Zimmer-Wohnung (4’500 kWh/Jahr, Standardprodukt; ElCom, 2026). Tiefer = günstiger. Variiert je Gemeinde mit dem lokalen Netzbetreiber.",
        "fr": "Tarif d’électricité médian des ménages dans le canton — prix total avec énergie, réseau et taxes, pour un logement type de 5 pièces (4’500 kWh/an, produit standard ; ElCom, 2026). Plus bas = moins cher. Varie selon la commune via le gestionnaire de réseau local.",
        "it": "Tariffa elettrica mediana delle economie domestiche nel cantone — prezzo totale con energia, rete e tasse, per un’abitazione tipo di 5 locali (4’500 kWh/anno, prodotto standard; ElCom, 2026). Più basso = più economico. Varia per comune con il gestore di rete locale."
      }
    }
  ],
  "cantons": {
    "ZH": {
      "abbr": "ZH",
      "name": {
        "de": "Zürich",
        "fr": "Zurich",
        "it": "Zurigo",
        "en": "Zurich"
      },
      "metrics": {
        "foreigner_pct": {
          "value": 29.19,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 7,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 76
        },
        "net_migration_per_1000": {
          "value": 6.26,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 24
        },
        "sunshine_hours": {
          "value": 1799.5,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 11,
          "of": 24,
          "percentile": 57
        },
        "balance_per_capita": {
          "value": -283,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 17,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 36
        },
        "beds_per_1000": {
          "value": 3.68,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 14,
          "of": 21,
          "percentile": 35
        },
        "jobs": {
          "value": 1149866,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 1,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 100
        },
        "tax_single": {
          "value": 7945,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 5,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 16
        },
        "rent_mean": {
          "value": 1768,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 25,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 96
        },
        "premium_adult": {
          "value": 532.73,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 17,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 64
        },
        "vacancy_pct": {
          "value": 0.48,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 24,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 8
        },
        "new_dwellings_per_1000": {
          "value": 4.77,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 14,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 48
        },
        "crime_per_1000": {
          "value": 68.05,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 76
        },
        "violent_crime_per_1000": {
          "value": 5.85,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 76
        },
        "population_growth_pct": {
          "value": 0.8,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 14,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 48
        },
        "net_debt_per_capita": {
          "value": 2512,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 9,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 68
        },
        "birth_rate_per_1000": {
          "value": 9.17,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 3,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 92
        },
        "ev_share_new_cars_pct": {
          "value": 19.83,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 11,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 60
        },
        "cars_per_1000": {
          "value": 471.42,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 24,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 8
        },
        "ev_share_stock_pct": {
          "value": 5.36,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 2,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 96
        },
        "motorbikes_per_1000": {
          "value": 78.65,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 22,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 16
        },
        "goods_vehicles_per_1000": {
          "value": 43.5,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 25,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 4
        },
        "cross_border_share_of_jobs_pct": {
          "value": 1.08,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 16,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 40
        },
        "median_net_income_chf": {
          "value": 62050,
          "year": 2022,
          "rank": 2,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 96
        },
        "broadband_gbit_pct": {
          "value": 92.5,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 2,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 96
        },
        "pt_accessibility_index": {
          "value": 8882.3,
          "year": 2017,
          "rank": 3,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 92
        },
        "pv_w_per_capita": {
          "value": 565.9,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 24,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 8
        },
        "energiestadt_population_share_pct": {
          "value": 70.8,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 8,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 72
        },
        "organic_area_share_pct": {
          "value": 17.87,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 15,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 44
        },
        "waste_kg_per_capita": {
          "value": 258.21,
          "year": 2023,
          "rank": 8,
          "of": 16,
          "percentile": 47
        },
        "separate_collection_pct": {
          "value": 29.94,
          "year": 2023,
          "rank": 12,
          "of": 16,
          "percentile": 27
        },
        "naturalisation_rate": {
          "value": 22.7,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 1,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 100
        },
        "unemployment_pct": {
          "value": 2.9,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 16,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 60
        },
        "electricity_rp_kwh": {
          "value": 24.63,
          "year": 2027,
          "rank": 5,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 16
        }
      }
    },
    "BE": {
      "abbr": "BE",
      "name": {
        "de": "Bern",
        "fr": "Berne",
        "it": "Berna",
        "en": "Bern"
      },
      "metrics": {
        "foreigner_pct": {
          "value": 18.6,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 24
        },
        "net_migration_per_1000": {
          "value": 5.59,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 24,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 8
        },
        "sunshine_hours": {
          "value": 1781.9,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 12,
          "of": 24,
          "percentile": 52
        },
        "balance_per_capita": {
          "value": -169,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 16,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 40
        },
        "beds_per_1000": {
          "value": 4.55,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 8,
          "of": 21,
          "percentile": 65
        },
        "jobs": {
          "value": 677492,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 2,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 96
        },
        "tax_single": {
          "value": 11666,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 24,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 92
        },
        "rent_mean": {
          "value": 1319,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 9,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 32
        },
        "premium_adult": {
          "value": 552.95,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 19,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 72
        },
        "vacancy_pct": {
          "value": 1.12,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 9,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 68
        },
        "new_dwellings_per_1000": {
          "value": 2.42,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 23,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 12
        },
        "crime_per_1000": {
          "value": 68.58,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 21,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 80
        },
        "violent_crime_per_1000": {
          "value": 4.31,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 17,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 64
        },
        "population_growth_pct": {
          "value": 0.46,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 23,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 12
        },
        "net_debt_per_capita": {
          "value": 5099,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 7,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 76
        },
        "birth_rate_per_1000": {
          "value": 8.12,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 17,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 36
        },
        "ev_share_new_cars_pct": {
          "value": 21.79,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 5,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 84
        },
        "cars_per_1000": {
          "value": 514.76,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 24
        },
        "ev_share_stock_pct": {
          "value": 3.59,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 18,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 32
        },
        "motorbikes_per_1000": {
          "value": 92.85,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 11,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 60
        },
        "goods_vehicles_per_1000": {
          "value": 58.97,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 12,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 56
        },
        "cross_border_share_of_jobs_pct": {
          "value": 0.7,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 24
        },
        "median_net_income_chf": {
          "value": 52950,
          "year": 2022,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 24
        },
        "broadband_gbit_pct": {
          "value": 75.7,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 14,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 48
        },
        "pt_accessibility_index": {
          "value": 3486,
          "year": 2017,
          "rank": 6,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 80
        },
        "pv_w_per_capita": {
          "value": 995.1,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 15,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 44
        },
        "energiestadt_population_share_pct": {
          "value": 50.7,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 18,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 32
        },
        "organic_area_share_pct": {
          "value": 15.21,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 16,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 40
        },
        "waste_kg_per_capita": {
          "value": 292.41,
          "year": 2023,
          "rank": 12,
          "of": 16,
          "percentile": 73
        },
        "separate_collection_pct": {
          "value": 30.82,
          "year": 2023,
          "rank": 10,
          "of": 16,
          "percentile": 40
        },
        "naturalisation_rate": {
          "value": 17.4,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 5,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 84
        },
        "unemployment_pct": {
          "value": 2.2,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 12,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 44
        },
        "electricity_rp_kwh": {
          "value": 27.95,
          "year": 2027,
          "rank": 16,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 60
        }
      }
    },
    "LU": {
      "abbr": "LU",
      "name": {
        "de": "Luzern",
        "fr": "Lucerne",
        "it": "Lucerna",
        "en": "Lucerne"
      },
      "metrics": {
        "foreigner_pct": {
          "value": 21.92,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 18,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 32
        },
        "net_migration_per_1000": {
          "value": 6.66,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 16,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 40
        },
        "sunshine_hours": {
          "value": 1672.2,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 23,
          "of": 24,
          "percentile": 4
        },
        "balance_per_capita": {
          "value": 527,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 5,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 84
        },
        "beds_per_1000": {
          "value": 3.71,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 13,
          "of": 21,
          "percentile": 40
        },
        "jobs": {
          "value": 274115,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 7,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 76
        },
        "tax_single": {
          "value": 8246,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 7,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 24
        },
        "rent_mean": {
          "value": 1500,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 76
        },
        "premium_adult": {
          "value": 485.85,
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 8,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 28
        },
        "vacancy_pct": {
          "value": 0.78,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 17,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 36
        },
        "new_dwellings_per_1000": {
          "value": 4.3,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 17,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 36
        },
        "crime_per_1000": {
          "value": 50.76,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 16,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 60
        },
        "violent_crime_per_1000": {
          "value": 3.74,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 9,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 32
        },
        "population_growth_pct": {
          "value": 0.81,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 13,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 52
        },
        "net_debt_per_capita": {
          "value": -1050,
          "year": 2024,
          "rank": 19,
          "of": 26,
          "percentile": 28
        },
        "birth_rate_per_1000": {
          "value": 8.8,
          "year": 2025,
          "rank": 9,
          "of": 26,
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        "fr": "Uri",
        "it": "Uri",
        "en": "Uri"
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        "fr": "Schwytz",
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        "en": "Schwyz"
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        "motorbikes_per_1000": {
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        "goods_vehicles_per_1000": {
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        "broadband_gbit_pct": {
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        "unemployment_pct": {
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        "electricity_rp_kwh": {
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      "name": {
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        "fr": "Obwald",
        "it": "Obvaldo",
        "en": "Obwalden"
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        "new_dwellings_per_1000": {
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          "year": 2024,
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          "percentile": 40
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        "crime_per_1000": {
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        "violent_crime_per_1000": {
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        "population_growth_pct": {
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        "cars_per_1000": {
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        "motorbikes_per_1000": {
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        "goods_vehicles_per_1000": {
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        "unemployment_pct": {
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        "electricity_rp_kwh": {
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        "fr": "Nidwald",
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        "en": "Nidwalden"
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        },
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        "crime_per_1000": {
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        "violent_crime_per_1000": {
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        "motorbikes_per_1000": {
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        "goods_vehicles_per_1000": {
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        "fr": "Zoug",
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        "motorbikes_per_1000": {
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        "goods_vehicles_per_1000": {
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      "abbr": "SO",
      "name": {
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        "fr": "Soleure",
        "it": "Soletta",
        "en": "Solothurn"
      },
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        "fr": "Thurgovie",
        "it": "Turgovia",
        "en": "Thurgau"
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      "name": {
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        "fr": "Neuchâtel",
        "it": "Neuchâtel",
        "en": "Neuchâtel"
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        "balance_per_capita": {
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        "fr": "Jura",
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}